Erythropoietin (EPO), a regulator of red blood cell production, is endogenously expressed in the central nervous system. It is mainly produced by astrocytes under hypoxic conditions and has proven to have neuroprotective and neurotrophic effects. In the present study, we investigated the effect of midazolam on EPO expression in primary cultured astrocytes and the mouse brain. Midazolam was administered to 6-week-old BALB/c male mice under hypoxic conditions and pregnant C57BL/6N mice under normoxic conditions. Primary cultured astrocytes were also treated with midazolam under hypoxic conditions. The expression of [PO mRNA in mice brains and cultured astrocytes was studied. In addition, the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIE), known as the main regulator of EPO, was evaluated. Midazolam significantly reduced the hypoxia-induced up regulation of EPO in BALB/c mice brains and primary cultured astrocytes and suppressed EPO expression in the fetal brain. Miclazolarn did not affect the total amount of HIF proteins but significantly inhibited the nuclear expression of HIF-1 alpha and HIF-2 alpha proteins. These results demonstrated the suppressive effects of midazolam on the hypoxia-induced up -regulation of EPO both in vivo and in vitro. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved