Humic acid and bacteria play an important role in the migration of radionuclides in groundwaters. The interaction of neptunium with humic acid and anaerobic bacteria has been investigated by liquid/liquid and solid/liquid extraction systems. For liquid/liquid extraction, the apparent complex formation constant, J3a, was obtained from the distribution between two phases of neptunium. For solid/liquid extraction, the ratio of sorption to bacteria, Kd, was measured. K^ of humic acid can be evaluated from fia. The large value of pa andKd means strong interaction of neptunium with organisms. In order to examine the effect of the nature of organism on interaction, the interaction with humic acid was compared to that with non-sterilized or sterilized mixed anaerobic bacteria. The value of J3a of humate depended on neptunium ion concentration as well as pH, which showed the effect of polyelectrolyte properties and heterogeneous composition of humic acid. The comparison of interaction with humic acid and bacteria indicated that the Kd value of humic acid was larger than that of bacteria and more strongly depend on pH. © 2014 Atomic Energy Society of Japan.