Eukaryotic cells exhibit negative resting membrane potential (RMP) owing to the high K+ permeability of the plasma membrane and the asymmetric [K+] between the extracellular and intracellular compartments. However, cochlear fibrocytes, which comprise the basolateral surface of a multi-layer epithelial-like tissue, exhibit a RMP of +5 to +12 mV in vivo. This positive RMP is critical for the formation of an endocochlear potential (EP) of +80 mV in a K+-rich extracellular fluid, endolymph. The epithelial-like tissue bathes fibrocytes in a regular extracellular fluid, perilymph, and apically faces the endolymph. The EP, which is essential for hearing, represents the potential difference across the tissue. Using in vivo electrophysiological approaches, we describe a potential mechanism underlying the unusual RMP of guinea pig fibrocytes. The RMP was + 9.0 +/- 3.7 mV when fibrocytes were exposed to an artificial control perilymph (n = 28 cochleae). Perilymphatic perfusion of a solution containing low [Na+] (1 mM) markedly hyperpolarized the RMP to -31.1 +/- 11.2 mV (n = 10; p < 0.0001 versus the control, TukeyKramer test after one-way ANOVA). Accordingly, the EP decreased. Little change in RMP was observed when the cells were treated with a high [K+] of 30 mM (+ 10.4 +/- 2.3 mV; n= 7; p = 0.942 versus the control). During the infusion of a low [Cl-] solution (2.4 mM), the RMP moderately hyperpolarized to -0.9 +/- 3.4 mV (n = 5; p < 0.01 versus the control), although the membranes, if governed by Cl-permeability, should be depolarized. These observations imply that the fibrocyte membranes are more permeable to Na+ than K+ and Cl-, and this unique profile and [Na+] gradient across the membranes contribute to the positive RMP.