Short stature is a common clinical condition in pediatric outpatient clinics and is associated with various clinical conditions, ranging from normal variants to severe diseases. Short stature is known to be caused by chronic inflammatory conditions, in which over-produced inflammatory cytokines are reported to be involved in growth suppression. Castleman disease is a rare lymphoproliferative disorder known as a chronic inflammatory disease with overproduction of interleukin 6 (IL-6), which often causes systemic symptoms such as fever, fatigue, weight loss, and night sweats. Here, we report the case of a ten-year-old female diagnosed with unicentric Castleman disease, who presented with short stature as the sole clinical sign but lacked typical systemic symptoms of Castleman disease. An elevated serum C-reactive protein level led us to suspect a chronic inflammatory condition, and we found an intra-abdominal tumor that was histopathologically confirmed as Castleman disease. The tumor removal resulted in a steady catch-up in her height in the six years following the surgery. We also present a brief review of relevant literature on pediatric cases of Castleman disease associated with growth impairment. Clinicians should be aware that chronic inflammatory conditions can cause growth impairment, which may be a key clinical manifestation of such conditions.