We estimated environmental variance components for fruit weight (FW), ease of peeling (EP), firmness of segment membrane (FSM), soluble solids content (SSC), and acidity of 20 mandarin and related cultivars used as cross-parents in citrus breeding in Japan. The variance by year was largest for FW (38% of the total) and SSC (23%), but negligible for EP, FSM, and acidity. Variance among trees and tree 3 year interaction were negligibly small except for FW, whereas the genotype 3 year interaction variance ranged from 9% to 22% of the total. Variance among fruits from the same tree was the largest environmental component for EP and FSM. Broad-sense heritability (h(B)(2)) was 0.29 for FW, 0.52 for EP, 0.11 for FSM, 0.34 for SSC, and 0.65 for acidity in evaluations performed using single-year measurements of one tree with one fruit. Yearly repetition was more efficient than tree replication for increasing h(B)(2) of all traits investigated. Increasing fruit number from one to five in combination with yearly repetition also increased h(B)(2), especially for EP and FSM.