The present study was designed to investigate the correlation between the spatial and temporal aspects of immune responses and genetic heterogeneity in the progression of peripheral neuropathic pain. To address this issue, we first screened four inbred mouse strains (C57BL/6J, C3H/He, DBA/2, and A/J mice) to identify high- and low-responder strains to mechanical hypersensitivity induced by partial sciatic nerve ligation (pSNL). Among these strains, the C57BL/6J strain showed the highest vulnerability to pSNL-induced mechanical hypersensitivity, whereas the C3H/HeSlc strain was most resistant. C3H/HeSlc mice exhibited a significant increase in CD206-immunoreactivity (anti-inflammatory macrophages) in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) at 3 and 7 days, and lower Iba1-immunoreactivity (microglia) in the spinal cord from 3 to 14 days after pSNL than C57BL/6J mice. These phenomena might be associated with a decrease in the production of inflammatory factors (interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and CX3CL1) in the DRG and the poor responsiveness of spinal microglia (i.e. microglial production of IL1β, CCL2, and TNFα) against CX3CL1 in C3H/HeSlc mice. Behavioral experiments using bone marrow (BM) chimeric mice derived by crossing C3H/HeSlc and C57BL/6J strains showed that the strength of mechanical hypersensitivity 3 days following pSNL was inversely correlated with the increase in the ratio of anti-inflammatory/pro-inflammatory DRG macrophages, which was based on the BM-derived hematopoietic cells from donor mice. By contrast, the intensity of Iba1-immunoreactivity (microglia) in the spinal cord was dependent on the phenotypes of recipient mice, but not affected by the phenotypes of BM-derived donor hematopoietic cells. These findings suggest that the strain-specific aspects of DRG macrophages and spinal microglia might be related to the early and late phases of pSNL-induced mechanical hypersensitivity, respectively. This study presents a greater understanding of the differences in neuropathic pain among genetically heterogeneous inbred mouse strains, and provides further insights into the spatial and temporal roles of the immune system in the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain.