Abstract

Background

Nitric oxide (NO), released from vascular endothelial cells in response to mechanical stimuli, regulates cardiac contractility and are also involved in the prevention of the development of cardiac hypertrophy.

Purpose

To establish an experimental system for live observation of NO release in response to mechanical stimuli on an organ chip.

Methods

Organ chips, which we used for the development of a heart-on-a-chip in the previous study [1], were used.

We seeded 300,000 human umbilical vein endothelial cells on a stretchable elastic membrane coated with Matrigel of a chip channel. Shear stress was applied to the cells by increasing flow rate of a peristaltic pump connected to the chip channel (Figure 1A). Pressure stimulus was applied by hydrostatic pressure. Stretch stimulus was applied by suction to the side ports of a chip using an electric syringe pump (Figure 1B). Cells were stained with 10 μM 4,5-diaminofluorescein diacetate for fluorescent live NO imaging.

Results

Monolayers of the endothelial cells formed intercellular junctions confirmed by CD31 staining (Figure 1C, yellow). Apparent permeability, which was measured by Texas red dye (MW 3000), was maintained at a low level of ∼3x10–6 cm/s until day 30, suggested the formation of robust intercellular junction.

When the endothelial cells were subjected to a pressure stimulus of 60 mmHg for 60 s, NO release was observed that lasted for >2 minutes (Figure 2A). A peak value of 1.46±1.08 (mean ± standard deviation) times the baseline was observed 271 s after the beginning of the pressure stimulus (n=251 cells). When the cells were subjected to a 1% stretch for 60 s, a peak value of 1.29±0.33 times the baseline was observed 105 s after the beginning of the stretch stimulus (Figure 2B). A shear stress of 0.01 dyn/cm2 hardly increased NO release (1.20±0.27 times the baseline, Figure 2C).

Conclusion

The system for live NO imaging in vascular endothelial cells in response to mechanical stimuli was established using organ-on-a-chip. The heart-on-a-chip with endothelial cells will be useful in elucidating the effects of mechanical stimulus such as hypertension on the contractile function and the remodeling of the heart.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): Japan Society for the Promotion of Science