Background: For hemodialysis (HD) patients, travel to the dialysis facility is an issue that can affect their quality of life (QOL), both physically and mentally. However, evidence on this association of transportation modality with health-related QOL (HRQOL) is scarce. Methods: We conducted a cohort study among maintenance HD patients participating in the Japanese Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Pattern Study Phase 5. The study included patients who were functionally independent and able to walk. The primary exposure was the means of transportation to the dialysis facility, categorized into three groups, namely transportation by other drivers (Group 1), transportation via self-driving (Group 2) and transportation by bicycle or walking with or without public transportation (Group 3). The primary outcomes were physical and mental health composite scores (PCS and MCS) in the 12-item Short Form at 1 year after study initiation. Results: Among 1225 eligible patients (Group 1, 34.4%; Group 2, 45.0%; Group 3, 20.7%), 835 were analyzed for the primary outcomes. Linear regression analyses revealed that patients in Groups 2 and 3 had significantly higher PCS and MCS at 1 year than those in Group 1 {adjusted mean differences of PCS 1.42 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.17-2.68] and 1.94 [95% CI 0.65-3.23], respectively, and adjusted mean differences of MCS 2.53 [95% CI 0.92-4.14] and 2.20 [95% CI 0.45-3.95], respectively}. Conclusions: Transportation modality was a significant prognostic factor for both PCS and MCS after 1 year in maintenance HD patients.