In iron pnictides, high temperature superconductivity emerges after suppressing antiferromagnetism by doping. Here, we show that antiferromagnetism in Ca1-xLaxFeAs2 is robust against and even enhanced by doping. Using As75-nuclear magnetic resonance and nuclear quadrupole resonance techniques, we find that an antiferromagnetic order occurs below the Néel temperature TN=62 K at a high doping concentration (x=0.15) where superconductivity sets in at the transition temperature Tc=35 K. In the superconducting state coexisting with antiferromagnetism, the nuclear-spin-lattice relaxation rate 1/T1 becomes proportional to T, indicating gapless excitations. Unexpectedly, TN is enhanced with increasing doping, rising up to TN=70 K at x=0.24. The obtained phase diagram of this system enriches the physics of iron-based high-Tc superconductors.