Collagen is one of the major components of the extracellular matrices of the kidney. Basement membrane collagen, type IV collagen, is the major component in normal glomeruli. Fibril and interstitial collagen such as type III collagen, type V collagen, and type VI collagen are minor components of glomerular extracellular matrices and are localized mainly in the interstitium. Diabetic glomerulosclerosis is characterized by the expansion of the glomerular mesangial matrix as well as by thickening of the glomerular basement membrane. In order to clarify the roles of these various types of collagen in the development of diabetic glomerulosclerosis, immunohistochemical studies were perfomed in kidney specimens from patients with Type 2 diabetes. Early glomerulosclerosis is characterized by expansion of mesangial matrix with basement membrane collagen. However, in later stages glomerulosclerosis is characterized by an increase in the minor collagen components, such as type V and type VI collagen or collagens not normally present, such as type III collagen. Mesangial cells are known to synthesize all these types of collagen. In diabetes, phenotypic change in mesangial cells might produce excess amounts of fibril and interstitial collagen such as type III, type V, and type VI collagen, thus, leading to glomerulosclerosis. 1994 Diabetes UK