We study the quark mass dependence of the finite temperature QCD phase transition in the heavy quark region using an effective potential defined through the probability distribution function of the average plaquette. Performing a simulation of SU(3) pure gauge theory, we first confirm that the distribution function has two peaks indicating that the phase transition is of first order in the heavy quark limit, while the first-order transition turns into a crossover as the quark mass decreases from infinity, where the mass dependence of the distribution function is evaluated by the reweighting method combined with the hopping parameter expansion. We determine the endpoint of the first-order transition region for N(f) = 1, 2, 3 and 2 + 1 cases. The quark mass dependence of the latent heat is also evaluated in the first-order transition region.