The purpose of this study is to investigate the spatial cognition when people walking in urban environment though the spatial cognition experiment. The experimental result indicates that the visual changes used as cognitive criteria show variety and the cognitive results are different accordingly. There is also possible that people mistake the layout of objects during the cognition, when they ignore the relative visual changes between the target object and the occluding one. Furthermore, the visual information about the side of the buildings was proved to be effective when people judged their physical movement direction in the experiment.