Conservation policies in African courtiers were shifted from "fortress conservation" that had excluded residents to "community-based conservation (CBC)" in the 1980s.
Recently, however, CBC is criticized as " green grab” as it is depriving residents of the land. In this study, based on the cases of Tanzania, Kenya, and Botswana, we investigated the transformation process of green grab and the response of local communities. We clarified that (1) long-term mobility/short-term mobility of conservation areas’ boundaries, (2) strong private land rights/ vulnerable communal land rights, and (3) tourism enterprise-NGO integrated business model.