Natural killer cells have been identified as a mediator of alloimmune reactions in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) are an important determinant of natural killer cell function. The relationship between KIR genotypes/haplotypes and clinical outcomes of allogeneic HSCT is complex and inconsistent among several reports. We assessed the clinical impact of KIR haplotype on T cell-replete allogeneic HSCTs performed in a single Japanese center for hematological malignancies (n = 106). A comparison of 2 groups, donor haplotypes A/A and B/x, revealed no significant differences in overall survival, relapse, and nonrelapse mortality. However, grade III to IV acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) occurred significantly more frequently in the KIR haplotype B/x group (A/A versus B/x: 4.9% versus 20.0%; P=.02). This was even more evident when HLA mismatch was present. The highest incidences of grade II to IV and grade III to IV acute GVHD were observed in patients who received allografts from HLAmismatched donors with KIR haplotype B/x. These data highlight the importance of KIR genotyping in donor matching, especially when HLA mismatch allogeneic grafting is planned. (C) 2017 American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation.