<title>Abstract</title><list list-type="order"><list-item>Multiple stressors can interactively affect the population of organisms; however, the process by which they affect recruitment efficiency remains unclear for empirical populations. Recruitment efficiency can be regulated at multiple stages of life, particularly in organisms with complex life cycles. Understanding the interactive effects of multiple stressors on recruitment efficiency and determining the bottleneck life stages is imperative for species conservation.

</list-item><list-item>The proportion of &lt;20-year-old juveniles of the endangered freshwater pearl mussel <italic>Margaritifera togakushiensis</italic>, which has an obligate parasitic larval stage, was investigated in 24 rivers from eastern Hokkaido, northern Japan to reveal the influence of nutrients, fine sediment, and their combined effects on juvenile recruitment efficiency. The following indices for recruitment at adult, parasitic, and post-parasitic juvenile stages were obtained from 11 of these rivers: gravid female density, glochidia density (the number of glochidia infections per stream area), and juvenile survival rate. This study explored the bottleneck stages of recruitment efficiency and the interactive effects of the two stressors on these stages.

</list-item><list-item>Twenty-four population status assessments determined that the proportion of juveniles ranged from 0.00 to 0.53, and juveniles were absent from four rivers. The results showed that the parasitic and post-parasitic juvenile stages were bottlenecks for recruitment efficiency. Juvenile survival rates had a more significant positive effect on recruitment efficiency in rivers with a high glochidia density. Juvenile survival rate was decreased by the synergistic interaction of nutrients and fine sediment, although factors limiting glochidia density were not found.

</list-item><list-item>The nutrient concentration of rivers in the study region was well explained by the proportion of agricultural land cover and urban areas in the watersheds, but no relationship was detected between fine sediment abundance and land use.

</list-item><list-item>This study suggests that nutrient management at a catchment scale can be effective for re-establishing the recruitment of <italic>M. togakushiensis</italic>, particularly in rivers with a high content of fine sediments. The results also emphasise the importance of considering both parasitic and post-parasitic juvenile stages of mussels to maximise the positive effects of stressor mitigation.

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