The wobble bases of bacterial tRNAs responsible for NNR codons are modified to 5-methylaminomethyl-2-thiouridine (mnm(5)s(2)U). 2-thio modification of mnm(5)s(2)U is required for accurate decoding and essential for normal cell growth. We identified five genes yhhP, yheL, yheM, yheN, and yccK(named tusA, tusB, tusC, tusD, and tusE, respectively) that are essential for 2-thiouri-dylation of mnm5s2U by a systematic genome-wide screen ('' ribonucleome analysis ''). Efficient 2-thiouridine formation in vitro was reconstituted with recombinant TusA, a TusBCD complex, TusE, and previously identified IscS and MnmA. The desulfurase activity of IscS is stimulated by TusA binding. IscS transfers the persulfide sulfur to TusA. TusE binds TusBCD complex and stimulates sulfur transfer from TusA to TusD. TusE also interacts with an MnmA-tRNA complex. This study revealed that 2-thiouridine formation proceeds through a complex sulfur-relay system composed of multiple sulfur mediators that select and facilitate specific sulfur flow to 2-thiouridine from various pathways of sulfur trafficking.