In this study, we achieved an enhancement of the transmission surface plasmon resonance (T-SPR) intensity by depositing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) onto a gold grating substrate. The T-SPR spectrum of the gold grating substrate with AgNPs showed a strong and narrow SPR peak located between 650 and 800 nm; the maximum SPR excitation was observed at a 35A degrees angle of incidence. We controlled the distance between the gold grating surface and the AgNPs by using layer-by-layer (LbL) ultrathin films of poly(diallydimethylammonium chloride) (PDADMAC) and poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS) to study the distance dependence of the coupling effect between the AgNPs and the gold grating substrate. The distance-dependent T-SPR response of peak position and intensity showed distinctive changes when the intermediate layer was 10 bilayers (similar to 17 nm) thick. The strongest coupling surface plasmon excitation between the AgNPs and the gold grating substrate was obtained at this layer spacing. Furthermore, we explored the potential of the developed system as a switchable pH sensor. The T-SPR spectrum sensitively changed as the pH switched from acidic (pH 2) to alkaline (pH 12) conditions by the swelling/shrinking of the poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH)/PSS LbL film, respectively, which was deposited between the AgNPs and the gold grating.