In this study, we have evolved advanced atomic-resolution S/TEM into “the direct observation method for dynamics of atoms and ions”. The newly developed fast electron beam scanning/detecting systems and environmental control holders enabled us to reveal atomic-scale materials phenomena unknown so far, such as dislocation behavior, crack propagation, atomic diffusion, and grain boundary migration. These results led the elucidation of the correlation between nanostructures and functional properties. The primary achievement of the present project is to establish the nanostructure design methods and the construction of the fundamental principles for materials development.