© 2020 The Authors. Nephrology published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of Asian Pacific Society of Nephrology. Background: Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) plays an important role in chronic kidney disease (CKD)-related mineral and bone disorders. High FGF23 levels are associated with increased risk of anaemia in non-haemodialysis CKD patients. FGF23 also negatively regulates erythropoiesis in mice. We hypothesized that higher FGF23 levels are associated with increased erythropoietin hyporesponsiveness among haemodialysis patients. Methods: The study included 1044 patients from the Japanese Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (J-DOPPS) phase 5 (2012-2015). The outcome was erythropoiesis-stimulating agent hyporesponsiveness (ESA-hypo), defined as mean Hgb <10 g/dL and standardized mean ESA dose >6000 u/week over 4 months following FGF23 measurement. The association between ESA-hypo and FGF23 was estimated using multivariable-adjusted logistic generalized estimating equation regression models. Results: Patients with higher levels of FGF23 were younger and had higher levels of serum albumin, creatinine, albumin-corrected calcium, phosphorus, PTH, 25(OH)-vitamin D, and had higher percentages of intravenous (IV) iron, IV vitamin D and cinacalcet use. ESA-hypo was present in 144 patients (13.8%). Compared with the third quintile of FGF23 levels, the odds ratio (95% CI) of ESA-hypo was 2.14 (0.99, 4.62) and 1.74 (0.74, 4.11) for the first and fifth quintiles, respectively. Conclusion: The lowest and highest levels of FGF23 were associated with higher odds of ESA-hypo in patients on maintenance haemodialysis, although the associations were not statistically significant. The relationship between FGF23 and anaemia, and particularly the increased risks of ESA-hypo at low FGF23 levels which might be the result of energy saving, must be confirmed in larger clinical studies.