Conventional wisdom postulates that leaching losses of N from agriculture systems are dominated by NO, Although the export of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) into the groundwater has been recognized for more than 100 yr, it is often ignored when total N budgets; are constructed. Leaching of DON into stream and drinking water reservoirs leads to eutrophication and acidification, and can pose a potential risk to human health. The main objective of this review was to determine whether DON losses from agricultural systems Ice significant, and to what extent they pose a risk to human health anti the environment. Dissolved organic N losses across agricultural systems varied widely with minimum losses of 0.3 kg DON ha(-1)yr(-1) in a pasture to a maximum loss of 127 kg DON ha(-1)yr(-1) in a grassland following the application of urine. The mean and median values for DON leaching losses Were found to lie 12.7 and 4.0 kg N ha(-1)yr(-1), respectively. On average, DON losses accounted for 26 4) of the total soluble N (NO, plus DON) losses, with a median value of 19%. With it few exceptions, DON concentrations exceeded the criteria recommendations for drinking water quality. The extent of DON losses increased with increasing precipitation/irrigation, higher total inputs of N, and increasing sand content, It is concluded that DON leaching call be an important N loss pathway from agricultural systems. Models used to simulate and predict N losses from agricultural systems should include DON losses.