Objectives: To appropriately explore risk factors for tooth loss operating at the tooth-level, subject-related factors and a hierarchical data structure have to be considered. The purpose of this study was to evaluate tooth-related and subject-related risk factors affecting tooth loss. Methods: A 10-year longitudinal survey was carried out on 286 elderly subjects. At baseline, the prosthodontic status and abutment function of the 5574 teeth were recorded. Tooth loss was defined as the main outcome variable, and a multilevel logistic regression model considering subject and tooth levels was applied. Results: Tooth loss was found in 75% of subjects and most frequently in molars. A multivariable, multilevel logistic regression revealed that the following tooth-related variables were significantly related to tooth loss over 10 years: maxillary teeth, multirooted teeth, single crowns, abutment teeth for a fixed/removable partial denture (FPD/RPD), and periodontally involved teeth. Among them, single crowns, abutment teeth for an FPD, and teeth with severe periodontal disease at baseline had the highest odds of 5.1, 6.0, and 7.1, respectively. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that tooth loss is the result of complex interactions of tooth-related factors. Several tooth-related variables including multirooted teeth, abutments, and single crowns were found to be possible risk factors for tooth loss. Thus, these findings confirm and underline the potential benefit of minimizing prosthetic treatment of molars.