0 ne of the early triumphs of quantum mechanics was Heisenberg's prediction, based on the Pauli principle and wave function symmetry arguments, that the simplest molecule, H-2, should exist as two distinct species-allotropes of elemental hydrogen. One allotrope, termed para-H-2 (pH(2)), was predicted to be a lower energy species that could be visualized as rotating like a sphere and possessing antiparallel (up arrow down arrow) nuclear spins; the other allotrope, termed ortho-H-2 (oH(2)), was predicted to be a higher energy state that could be visualized as rotating like a cartwheel and possessing parallel (up arrow up arrow) nuclear spins. This remarkable prediction was confirmed by the early 1930s, and pH(2) and oH(2) were not only separated and characterized but were also found to be stable almost indefinitely in the absence of paramagnetic "spin catalysts", such as molecular oxygen, or traces of paramagnetic impurities, such as metal ions.
The two allotropes of elemental hydrogen, pH(2) and oH(2), may be quantitatively incarcerated in C-60 to form endofullerene guest@host complexes, symbolized as pH(2)@C-60 and oH(2)@C-60, respectively, How does the subtle difference in nuclear spin manifest itself when hydrogen allotropes are incarcerated in a buckyball? Can the incarcerated "guests" communicate with the outside world and vice versa? Can a paramagnetic spin catalyst in the outside world cause the interconversion of the allotropes and thereby effect a chemical transformation inside a buckyball? How dose are the measurable properties of H-2@C-60 to those computed for the "quantum particle in a spherical box"? Are there any potential practical applications of this fascinating marriage of the simplest molecule, H-2, with one of the most beautiful of all molecules, C-60? How can one address such questions theoretically and experimentally?
A goal of our studies is to produce an understanding of how the H-2 guest molecules incarcerated in the host C-60 can "communicate" with the chemical world surrounding it. This world includes both the "walls" of the incarcerating host (the carbon atom "bride that compose the wall) and the "outside" world beyond the atoms of the host walls, namely, the solvent molecules and selected paramagnetic molecules added to the solvent that will have special spin interactions with the H-2 inside the complex. In this Account we describe the temperature dependence of the equilibrium of the interconversion of oH(2)@C-60 and pH(2)@C-60 and show how elemental dioxygen, O-2, a ground-state triplet is an excellent paramagnetic spin catalyst for this interconversion. We then describe an exploration of the spin spectroscopy and spin chemistry of H-2@C-60. We find that H-2@C-60 and its isotopic analogs, HD@C-60 and D-2@C-60, provide a rich and fascinating platform on which to investigate spin spectroscopy and spin chemistry. Finally we consider the potential extension of spin chemistry to another molecule with spin isomers, H2O, and the potential applications of the use of pH(2)@C-60 as a source of latent massive nuclear polarization.