S100A8 and S100A9 constitute a heterodimeric protein, calprotectin. The mRNAs of S100A8 and S100A9, being expressed at minimal levels in the submandibular and parotid glands (SMG and PG, respectively) of C3H/HeN mice, were induced strongly and transiently by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Among the mRNAs of members of the S100 protein family examined, those of S100A8 and S100A9 were specifically induced by LPS in the salivary glands. The induction was assumed to be mediated via toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), since their elevation was limited in C3H/HeJ mice, a TLR4-mutant strain. These proteins became expressed in the granular convoluted tubular cells and striated duct cells in the SMG, and in both acinar and duct cells in the PG (all in the cytoplasm). The salivary calprotectin level was not increased by LPS treatment, implying that elevated calprotectin was not secreted into the saliva and that they may function in microcellular environment of the salivary gland.