Molecular phylogenetic analyses based on nrLSU and ITS sequences of 85 and 66 Penicillium/ Talaromyces isolates from the Takamatsuzuka and Kitora Tumuli revealed that these isolates were divergent in the genus Penicillium. Novel lineages, which are considered undescribed or cryptic species, were detected. Therefore, further studies clarifying the identity of these isolates are warranted. Using an integrated analysis of phenotypic and genotypic characters, Penicillium sp. 2 isolates from both tumuli were identified as Talaromyces minioluteus Samson & al. (≡ Penicillium minioluteum Dierckx). Its brief description is provided herein. The relationship between the physicochemical characteristics of these isolates and their substrates (isolation sources) is briefly described; these include dissolution of calcium carbonate (CaCO₃)on GYC (Gluconobacter oxydans medium; Leibniz Institute DSMZ Medium No.105)agar plates and reddish soluble pigmentation on each agar plate. These characteristics may be related to the biodeterioration of plaster and rock substrates of both tumuli. This is the first study reporting T . minioluteus related to biodeteriorated cultural properties and a new addition to the fungal inventory of Japan.