© Oxford University Press, 2014. This chapter briefly reviews how potentially cultural traits are identified in wild populations, including how new techniques are making it easier to trace the spread of behaviors. It then focuses on how social learning can be tested in captivity, specifically addressing how a comparative approach might help highlight important differences between humans and chimpanzees, our closest living relatives. It concludes with a discussion about what directions the future might hold for the study of social learning and culture in primates.