This inclusive review summarizes the recent advances in the application of graphene oxide (GO) and functionalized GO in oral and dental research. GO possesses several extraordinary physical, chemical, optical, electrical, and mechanical properties. Because of its high surface area and oxygenated functional groups, GO exhibits excellent interaction ability with metals and ions as well as organic species. The current review reveals that GO has been used to produce a variety of functionalized nanocomposites, scaffolds, and advanced nanoparticle carriers. Accordingly, GO shows potential in a variety of research fields, such as tissue engineering, materials engineering, biomaterials, and drug delivery, indicating that the application of GO to biomedicine is particularly promising. More specifically, the recent application of GO in dentistry has provided outstanding results in antimicrobial action, regenerative dentistry, bone tissue engineering, drug delivery, physicomechanical property enhancement of dental biomaterials, and oral cancer treatment. The biocompatibilities of GO and its nanocomposites make them potential units in bone regeneration, osseointegration, and cell proliferation. Furthermore, its antibiofilm and antiadhesion properties have inspired researchers to develop GO for biofilm and caries prevention, as well as implant surface modification and as a quorum sensing inhibitor. This updated review is wide-ranging and provides a useful source for additional information on GO and its composites in dental research and applications.